Subject:
Some work I've been doing
From:
SAK ####@####.####
Date:
29 Jan 2003 20:58:22 -0000
Message-Id: <20030129205754.69229.qmail@web41508.mail.yahoo.com>
I've recently completed work on a minimal linux system based on
Greg O'Keefe's HOWTO. I've updated it to use the latest software &
expanded it so that it could support itself. I sent him a copy which
he is currently reviewing. He suggested I submit it directly to tldp,
so here it is. Please have a look.
I don't have a web page so I've attached them to this message.
Thanks,
Steven A Kewish MD
Yokosuka, Japan
__________________________________________________
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A Minimal Linux System Part 1
By Steven A Kewish MD Copyright January 2003
___________________________________________________________________
Footnotes are labeled with #[N] where N is the reference number.
Obtain the latest, unless otherwise indicated, source code for the
following:
PACKAGE USEFUL SITE
bash http://gnu.org/software/bash
coreutils http://gnu.org/software/coreutils
e2fsprogs http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net
glibc & linuxthreads http://gnu.org/software/glibc #[1]
linux http://kernel.org
ncurses http://gnu.org/software/ncurses
procps http://procps.sourceforge.net
sed http://gnu.org/software/sed
util-linux http://kernel.org
**AS SUPER USER (MAKE SURE /sbin & /usr/sbin ARE IN YOUR PATH)**
Run fdisk to make a 1 Gb Partition. If you need swap, make it here.
I use hda3 through-out this example for both the device and
the partition's name/mount point. Choose whatever works best
for you. Note: you may need to reboot after fdisk. #[2]
Run the following to make the filesystem and mount the device:
mke2fs -c /dev/hda3
mkdir /mnt/hda3
mount -t ext2 /dev/hda3 /mnt/hda3
If you need to format swap, run: mkswap -c /dev/hdXX #[3]
Create directories and basic files:
cd /mnt/hda3
mkdir -p {bin,dev,home/user,lib,opt,proc,root}
mkdir -p {boot/grub,etc/opt,sbin/rc.d}
mkdir -p mnt/{cd0,fd0}
mkdir -p usr/{bin,include,lib,sbin,share/misc,src}
mkdir -p usr/local/{bin,games,include,lib,sbin,share,src}
mkdir -p usr/share/man/man{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
mkdir -p var/{cache,lib/misc,local,lock,log,opt,run,spool,tmp}
cd usr/local
ln -f -s ../share/man
cd ..
ln -f -s share/man
cd ..
touch etc/ld.so.conf etc/securesingle
touch var/log/lastlog var/log/wtmp
chmod 1777 var/tmp
chmod 0750 root
chmod 0700 home/user
Create basic devices by running the following:
/dev/MAKEDEV -v -d /mnt/hda3/dev generic
Or you can manually make devices using mknod, or copy them
from the parent system or anywhere else. I've included a
set you might find useful (in /misc). You may also require
devices in addition to the generics made above, such as
/dev/console.
mknod /mnt/hda3/dev/console c 5 1
Unpack & copy ALL source trees you will use to /mnt/hda3/usr/src.
Make sure /mnt/hda3 & ALL the source code is owned by root:
chown -R 0.0 /mnt/hda3
You can delete the source trees after they are compiled & installed.
**INSTALLS ARE DONE FROM THE TOP LEVEL OF EACH SOURCE TREE**
First, install linux kernel & headers.
These commands will make a monolithic kernel. At menuconfig
shut off modules. I have no other advice for configuring a
kernel as it is very system specific. Start with something
simple, or copy the "config" file from the parent system & use
that - with modules turned off. A basic monolithic config file
is included in /misc (monolith.min).
linux (monolithic)
make mrproper
make menuconfig
make dep
make clean
make bzImage
cp -p System.map /mnt/hda3/boot
cp -p arch/i386/boot/bzImage /mnt/hda3/boot/hda3linuz
cp -a include/linux /mnt/hda3/usr/include
mkdir /mnt/hda3/usr/include/asm
cp -a include/asm/* /mnt/hda3/usr/include/asm
Next, install glibc & linuxthreads (copy linuxthreads into the
source tree of glibc). #[1]
./configure --prefix=/usr --enable-add-ons --enable-shared \
--with-headers=/mnt/hda3/usr/include --without-gd \
--enable-kernel=current
make
make install_root=/mnt/hda3 install
cp -p nss/nsswitch.conf /mnt/hda3/etc
cd /mnt/hda3/etc
ln -f -s ../usr/share/zoneinfo/Zulu localtime #[4]
**NOW MODIFY THE SYSTEM SO DYNAMIC LIBRARIES WORK RIGHT**
Modify /etc/ld.so.conf to include /mnt/hda3's lib directories:
echo /mnt/hda3/lib > /etc/ld.so.conf
echo /mnt/hda3/usr/lib > /etc/ld.so.conf
Run: ldconfig -v
Set CFLAGS (we do this to include our new includes, and allow the
compiler to use it's own includes):
export CFLAGS='-nostdinc -I/mnt/hda3/usr/include \
-I/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i686-pc-linux-gnu/3.2.1/include'
Use whatever your gcc base & version are called.
Install the following using these commands:
ncurses
./configure --prefix=/usr --exec-prefix=/ --with-shared
make
make DESTDIR=/mnt/hda3 install
cd /mnt/hda3/lib
chmod 0755 *.5.3
bash
./configure --prefix=/usr --exec-prefix=/ --with-curses
make
make DESTDIR=/mnt/hda3 install
cd /mnt/hda3/bin
ln -f -s bash sh
coreutils
./configure --prefix=/usr --exec-prefix=/
make
make DESTDIR=/mnt/hda3 install
cd /mnt/hda3/usr/bin
ln -f -s ../../bin/install
cd ../../bin
ln -f -s test [
e2fsprogs
./configure --prefix=/usr --exec-prefix=/
make
make DESTDIR=/mnt/hda3 install
procps
make
make SKIP=/mnt/hda3/usr/bin/uptime DESTDIR=/mnt/hda3 install
sed
./configure --prefix=/usr --exec-prefix=/
make
make DESTDIR=/mnt/hda3 install
util-linux
./configure
make
make HAVE_SHADOW=no HAVE_SYSVINIT_UTILS=no \
HAVE_SYSVINIT=no HAVE_SLN=yes DESTDIR=/mnt/hda3 install
cd /mnt/hda3/sbin
ln -f -s agetty getty;ln -f -s simpleinit init
Configure the software by writing the following files on /mnt/hda3:
fstab #[3]
cat > /mnt/hda3/etc/fstab << 'eof'
/dev/hda3 / ext2 defaults 1 1
/dev/hdXX swap swap defaults 0 0
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/hdX /mnt/cd0 iso9660 noauto,ro,users 0 0
/dev/fd0 /mnt/fd0 auto noauto,users 0 0
eof
group
cat > /mnt/hda3/etc/group << 'eof'
root::0:
users::100:
eof
hosts
cat > /mnt/hda3/etc/hosts << 'eof'
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost
eof
inittab
cat > /mnt/hda3/etc/inittab << 'eof'
bootprog=
fileprefix=/sbin/rc.d/
PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin
INIT_PATH=/sbin/rc.d
tty1:linux:/sbin/getty 9600 tty1
tty2:linux:/sbin/getty 9600 tty2
tty3:linux:/sbin/getty 9600 tty3
tty4:linux:/sbin/getty 9600 tty4
finalprog=
eof
menu.lst #[5]
cat > /mnt/hda3/boot/grub/menu.lst << 'eof'
default 0
timeout 30
title hda3
kernel (hd0,2)/boot/hda3linuz root=/dev/hda3
eof
passwd
cat > /mnt/hda3/etc/passwd << 'eof'
root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
user::101:100:name:/home/user:/bin/bash
eof
profile
cat > /mnt/hda3/etc/profile << 'eof'
export PS1='\u:\w\$ '
eof
Install Init Script:
rc
cat > /mnt/hda3/sbin/rc.d/rc << 'eof'
#!/bin/sh
if [ $1 != 'start' ];then exit 0;fi
/sbin/fsck -A -C -V
if [ $? -gt 2 ];then /sbin/init single;fi
/sbin/swapon -a -v
mount -n -v -o rw,remount /
rm -f -r /tmp;mkdir -m 1777 /tmp
> /etc/mtab
mount -f -o rw,remount /
mount -a -v
rm -f -r /var/run/utmp;touch /var/run/utmp; \
chmod 0644 /var/run/utmp
hostname localhost
date
eof
chmod 0755 /mnt/hda3/sbin/rc.d/rc
Install grub & modify it to boot the new system. #[5]
**BE CAREFUL NOT TO OVER-WRITE THE PARENT SYSTEM bzImage**
Add "title" & "kernel" info from /mnt/hda3/boot/grub/menu.lst
to /boot/grub/menu.lst:
echo title hda3 > /boot/grub/menu.lst
echo kernel '(hd0,2)'/boot/hda3linuz root=/dev/hda3 \
> /boot/grub/menu.lst
And run the following:
cp -p /mnt/hda3/boot/hda3linuz /boot
grub-install --root-directory=/mnt/hda3 /dev/hda
grub-install /dev/hda
Reboot into the new system. Select "hda3" in the grub menu.
Login as root. Change root's password by typing "passwd root".
Change ownership of /home/user by typing "chown 101.100 /home/user".
Change user's password by typing "passwd user".
Exit and login as user.
DONE
___________________________________________________________________
Footnotes:
#[1] If you wish to install glibc-2.3 or greater, you must
compile with gcc-3.2 or greater. You must also have a new
binutils on the parent system. Otherwise use glibc-2.2.5.
#[2] FHS states that certain directories (i.e. /usr) should
reside on seperate partitions. For simplicity, this has
not been included in this example. Feel free to set up your
system as you see fit.
#[3] hdX & hdXX refer to any disk or partition you want to use.
Change these to be compatible with your system.
#[4] Use the zoneinfo correct for you. If your system clock
is set to local time, use Zulu.
#[5] Assumes you are using grub with a configuration file on the
parent system. If you use lilo, see lilo.info in /misc.
___________________________________________________________________
References:
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
http://www.pathname.com/fhs
Glibc 2 HOWTO
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Glibc2-HOWTO.html
How To Build a Minimal Linux System From Source Code
http://www.netspace.net.au/~gok/power2bash
LFS Museum
http://archive.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs-museum
Information Within the Source Directories of the Installed &
Dependent Software.
A Minimal Linux System Part 2
By Steven A Kewish MD Copyright January 2003
____________________________________________________________________
Footnotes are labeled with #[N] where N is the reference number.
This is the second stage of the minimal system. The purpose of
this is add some functionality. We will not only be adding more
packages, we'll also modify some of the software already installed so
it all run correctly. Our goals are to make the system able to surf
the internet, download and install pre-compiled binaries, and use a
keyboard other than a us101.
Again hda3 is used in this example to describe both the device &
partition/ mount point. Choose whatever works best for you.
Obtain the latest, unless otherwise indicated, source code for the
following:
PACKAGE USEFUL SITE
binutils http://gnu.org/software/binutils
communicator (binaries) http://netscape.com/download/archive
file http://gnu.org/software/file
gawk http://gnu.org/software/gawk
grep http://gnu.org/software/grep
gzip http://gnu.org/software/gzip
ppp http://samba.org/ppp
tar http://gnu.org/software/tar
XFree86 (binaries) http://xfree86.org
**AS SUPER USER (MAKE SURE /sbin & /usr/sbin ARE IN YOUR PATH)**
Modify some of the basic files already present on /mnt/hda3:
group
echo daemon::3: > /mnt/hda3/etc/group
echo tty::5: > /mnt/hda3/etc/group
chmod 0.5 /dev/tty*
ld.so.conf
echo /usr/X11R6/lib > /mnt/hda3/etc/ld.so.conf
profile
echo export MOZILLA_HOME=/opt/netscape \
> /mnt/hda3/etc/profile #[1]
echo export PATH='$PATH':/usr/X11R6/bin:/opt/netscape \
> /mnt/hda3/etc/profile
Unpack & copy ALL source trees you will use to /mnt/hda3/usr/src.
Make sure ALL source code is owned by root:
chown -R 0.0 /mnt/hda3/usr/src
You can delete the source trees after they are compiled & installed.
Insure the following is still added to the end of /etc/ld.so.conf:
/mnt/hda3/lib
/mnt/hda3/usr/lib
Run: ldconfig -v
Set CFLAGS (we do this to include our new includes, and allow the
compiler to use it's own includes)
export CFLAGS='-nostdinc -I/mnt/hda3/usr/include \
-I/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i686-pc-linux-gnu/3.2.1/include'
(Use whatever your gcc base & version are called)
**INSTALLS ARE DONE FROM THE TOP LEVEL OF EACH SOURCE TREE**
Install the following using these commands:
binutils
./configure --prefix=/usr --enable-shared
make
make prefix=/mnt/hda3/usr tooldir=/mnt/hda3/usr install
cp -p ./include/libiberty.h /mnt/hda3/usr/include
file
./configure --prefix=/usr --datadir=/usr/share/misc
make
make DESTDIR=/mnt/hda3 install
gawk
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=/mnt/hda3 install
cd /mnt/hda3/usr/bin
ln -sf gawk awk
grep
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make prefix=/mnt/hda3/usr install
gzip
./configure --prefix=/mnt/hda3/usr --exec-prefix=/mnt/hda3
make
make install
ppp #[2]
./configure
make
make DESTDIR=/mnt/hda3 install
chmod 4755 /mnt/hda3/usr/sbin/pppd
mknod /mnt/hda3/dev/ppp c 108 0
tar
./configure --prefix=/usr --exec-prefix=/ \
--libexecdir=/usr/libexec
make
make DESTDIR=/mnt/hda3 install
Configure ppp #[2] #[3]
resolv.conf
cat > /mnt/hda3/etc/resolv.conf << 'eof'
domain your_isp_domain
nameserver ###.##.#.#
nameserver ###.##.#.#
eof
chat-isp
cat > /mnt/hda3/etc/ppp/chat-isp << 'eof'
ABORT 'BUSY'
ABORT 'ERROR'
ABORT 'NO ANSWER'
ABORT 'NO CARRIER'
ABORT 'NO DIALTONE'
'' at
OK atdt###-####
CONNECT ''
eof
pap-secrets #[4]
echo your_login_name * your_password * \
> /mnt/hda3/etc/ppp/pap-secrets
chmod 0600 /mnt/hda3/etc/ppp/pap-secrets
isp #[5]
mkdir /mnt/hda3/etc/ppp/peers
cat > /mnt/hda3/etc/ppp/peers/isp << 'eof'
ttyS1 115200 crtscts
connect '/usr/sbin/chat -v -f /etc/ppp/chat-isp'
name your_login_name
defaultroute
noauth
eof
chmod 0644 /mnt/hda3/etc/ppp/peers/isp
dialup
cat > /mnt/hda3/usr/sbin/dialup << 'eof'
#!/bin/sh
/usr/sbin/pppd call isp &> /var/log/ppp-err
eof
touch /mnt/hda3/var/log/ppp-err
chmod 0666 /mnt/hda3/var/log/ppp-err
chmod 0755 /mnt/hda3/sbin/dialup
hangup
cat > /mnt/hda3/usr/sbin/hangup << 'eof'
#!/bin/sh
kill `cat /var/run/ppp*.pid`
eof
chmod 0755 /mnt/hda3/sbin/hangup
netscape
Requires a copy of libstdc++-libc6.1-1.so.2
Copy this from the parent system to mnt/hda3/usr/lib
If you don't have it, I've included a copy in /misc.
Reboot into the new system and login as root.
Install the following:
xf86 (binaries)
cd /usr/src/xf86
sh Xinstall.sh
netscape communicator (binaries)
cd /usr/src/comm*
./ns-install
Configure xf86 by running:
xf86config
Exit and login as user.
To start xf86, run "startx".
I've included a basic .twmrc & .xinitrc file (in /misc)to
help make "X" look a little better. If you wish to use
these, copy them into /home/user, and change their
ownership to 101.100.
To connect to your ISP, run /usr/sbin/dialup (/usr/sbin/hangup
to disconnect).
To start netscape, run "netscape".
DONE
___________________________________________________________________
Footnotes:
#[1] /opt/netscape is the default location communicator installs
itself. If you put it in another location, change the
MOZILLA_HOME variable to point to it, and change the PATH
variable so netscape is included.
#[2] Support for ppp must be compiled into the kernel for ppp to
work. For a simple system this would also include support for
async serial lines.
#[3] There are numerous pieces of information needed to set up
dial-in networking. Check your ISP contract for this or ask
your isp provider for the needed info.
#[4] The spaces in the pap-secrets file are tabs. i.e:
your_login_name[tab]*[tab]your_password[tab]*
#[5] I use an external modem attached to the second serial port
in this example.
____________________________________________________________________
References:
PPP HOWTO
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/PPP-HOWTO
See Also References in "A minimal Linux System Part 1".
A Minimal Linux System Part 3
By Steven A Kewish MD Copyright January 2003
___________________________________________________________________
Footnotes are labeled with #[N] where N is the reference number.
This is the third stage of the minimal system. The purpose of
this is to add more functionality. Our goal is to make the
system able to compile from source code. We'll also be adding
some software to round-out the system.
Again hda3 is used in this example to describe both the device &
partition/mount point. Choose whatever works best for you.
Obtain the latest, unless otherwise indicated, source code for the
following:
PACKAGE USEFUL SITE
diffutils http://gnu.org/software/diffutils
findutils http://gnu.org/software/findutils #[1]
gcc http://gnu.org/software/gcc #[2]
gettext http://gnu.org/software/gettext
groff http://gnu.org/software/groff
grub http://gnu.org/software/grub
make http://gnu.org/software/make
patch http://gnu.org/software/patch
texinfo http://gnu.org/software/texinfo
**AS SUPER USER (MAKE SURE /sbin & /usr/sbin ARE IN YOUR PATH)**
Unpack & copy ALL source trees you will use to /mnt/hda3/usr/src
Make sure ALL source code is owned by root
chown -R 0.0 /mnt/hda3/usr/src
You can delete the source trees after they are compiled & installed.
Insure the following is still added to the end of /etc/ld.so.conf
/mnt/hda3/lib
/mnt/hda3/usr/lib
Run: ldconfig -v
Set CFLAGS (we do this to include our new includes, and allow the
compiler to use it's own includes)
export CFLAGS='-nostdinc -I/mnt/hda3/usr/include \
-I/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i686-pc-linux-gnu/3.2.1/include'
(Use whatever your gcc base & version are called)
**INSTALLS ARE DONE FROM THE TOP LEVEL OF EACH SOURCE TREE**
Install the following using these commands:
diffutils
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=/mnt/hda3 install
findutils #[1]
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make localstatedir=/mnt/hda3/var/lib/misc \
prefix=/mnt/hda3/usr install
gettext
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=/mnt/hda3 install
groff
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make prefix=/mnt/hda3/usr install
cd mnt/hda3/usr/bin
ln -f -s soelim zsoelim
ln -f -s eqn geqn
ln -f -s tbl gtbl
make
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=/mnt/hda3 install
patch
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make prefix=/mnt/hda3/usr install
texinfo
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=/mnt/hda3 install
gcc #[2]
./configure --prefix=/usr --enable-shared \
--enable-languages=c,c++ --enable-threads=posix \
--enable-__cxa_atexit
make bootstrap-lean
make prefix=/mnt/hda3/usr install
cd /mnt/hda3/lib
ln -f -s ../usr/bin/cpp
cd ../usr/lib
ln -f -s ../bin/cpp
cd ../bin
ln -f -s gcc cc
Reboot into the new system and login as root.
Install the following:
grub
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install
Make this partition the default boot partition.
Run: grub-install /dev/hda #[3]
Exit and login as user.
Once this is installed, the system is done and can support itself.
As you can see it is a fairly lean system, but I have yet to find
a package it couldn't install. Some packages (i.e. kbd), however,
may need additional support packages (i.e. bison) which would need
to be installed prior to compilation. See the source code of the
desired software for further info.
DONE
____________________________________________________________________
Footnotes:
#[1] Findutils needs a patch for a varity of reasons. It can be
obtained at:
ftp.planetmirror.org/pub/lfs/lfs-packages/cvs/findutils-4.1.patch
#[2] If you are installing gcc-3.2 and compiling with gcc-3.2 &
glibc-2.3, you'll need a patch which can be obtained at:
http://www.haible.de/bruno/gcc-3.2-glibc-2.3-compat.diff
#[3] To allow this partition & the grub loader on it to boot
other systems, a few things must be done.
First: Copy each systems kernel image into this systems
/boot directory.
Second: Add an entry into /boot/grub/menu.lst for each
system. An example entry for hda1 would be:
echo title hda1 > /boot/grub/menu.lst
echo kernel '(hd0,0)'/boot/image_name root=/dev/hda1 \
> /boot/grub/menu.lst
Third: Re-run grub-install.
grub-install /dev/hda
____________________________________________________________________
References:
gcc FAQ
http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/faq
GNU GRUB Manual
http://gnu.org/manual/grub
See Also References in "A Minimal Linux System Part 1 and
Part 2".
